Contribution of green manure legumes to nitrogen dynamics in traditional winter wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China

Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N₂. Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean–wheat, soybean–wheat, and mung bean–wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162 kg N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53–76 kg N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32 kg N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7–27 kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13–48% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0–100 cm and 100–200 cm by 4.8 and 19.6 kg N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.     

A comparison of cardinal temperatures estimated by linear and nonlinear models for germination and bulb growth of forage brassicas

Forage brassicas are widely used as a supplementary feed in temperate pasture systems but there is a lack of quantitative data about their growth and development. Furthermore, numerous models are available to estimate cardinal temperatures but there is uncertainty about whether linear or nonlinear models should be used. Initially a germination experiment was used to describe the rate response of nine forage brassicas to temperature. Three models were compared to estimate cardinal temperatures and the two best models were used for thermal time (Tt) accumulation for three groups of forage brassicas. Cardinal temperatures, defined as the base (T_b), optimum (T_opt) and maximum (T_m), differed among groups of species for the bilinear and Lactin models but were similar within a group of species for these models. In most cases, cardinal temperatures estimated by the bilinear and Lactin models for the B. rapa group ranged from 3 to 4 °C for T_b, 31 °C for T_opt and 41 to 48 °C for T_m. For the B. napus and B. napus biennis groups these temperatures ranged from 0 to 3 °C for T_b, 29 to 33 °C for T_opt and 38 °C for T_m. The B. oleracea group had temperatures from 0 to 1 °C for T_b, 25 to 27 °C for T_opt and 35 °C for T_m. A second data set based on hypocotyl thickening was used to estimate the base temperature (T_b) for bulb growth of turnips and swedes. Both models estimated an average T_b of 4.2 °C for bulb turnips and an average of 3.7 °C for swedes. The Lactin model was considered the most adequate model to describe temperature responses where as, in some cases, the bilinear model had to be modified to account for changes in the rate of development. More importantly, an appropriate range of test temperatures was crucial for the estimation of reliable cardinal temperatures, independent of the model used.     

基于叶气温差的生育中期冬小麦水分亏缺诊断研究

为了获取叶片尺度基于叶气温差的冬小麦生育中期水分亏缺诊断阈值,分析了冬小麦叶气温差的典型日变化及其与土壤水分、空气温度及太阳辐射等因子的相互关系,揭示了冬小麦叶气温差对光合气体交换参数的影响,确定了冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值及叶气温差范围。结果表明,冬小麦叶气温差在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,随光量子通量增加而升高,随土壤水分、气温增加而降低;4、5和6月冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值范围分别为0.7~1.3、1.1~2.0和0.9~1.5,叶气温差控制范围分别为-1.2~0.4、-1.5~-1和-1.25~-0.9℃。     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.     

基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型

冬小麦穗部形态结构模型是功能–结构小麦模型的重要研究内容。以济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料,于2013—2014和2014—2015年度开展了品种和施氮试验。结合2013—2014年数据,分析穗部主要形态参数与器官生物量的定量关系及形态参数间的内在联系,构建了冬小麦穗部主要形态结构模型。经2014—2015年小麦生长数据检验,除穗长模型精度略低外,穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型精度均较高,所建模型可较好模拟不同品种与施氮水平冬小麦穗部主要形态结构。     

海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值研究

为探索适用于海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值的方法,研究以经度、纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、海陆距离、NDVI等为环境变量,采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWRK)、多元线性回归克里格(multiple linear regression-Kiging,MLRK)和地理加权回归克里格(geographically weighted regression-Kriging,GWRK)等4种方法对海南岛2016年1月1日—6月30日的日最低、最高气温进行了插值。结果表明:4种方法对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差:MLRGWRGWRKMLRK,但GWR、GWRK、MLRK对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差十分接近,对日最高气温有相同的规律。MLRK对日最低、最高气温的总体平均绝对误差分别为0.50℃和0.73℃。GWRK、MLRK对逐日最低气温插值的平均绝对误差也十分接近,对日最高气温也有相同的规律。无论是对日最低气温还是对日最高气温,MLRK、GWRK插值空间分布的主要差异均在站点稀疏的山区。因此,在海南岛,宜采用多元回归克里格(MLRK)对日最低、最高气温进行空间插值。     

自然低温胁迫下3种桉树的叶绿素荧光特性研究

对临安市3种桉树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性进行研究,结果表明,自然低温下,各桉树表现出不同的适应性,总的来说,邓桉>柳桉>巨桉;自然低温(日最低气温-3.6℃)对柳桉和巨桉造成较大损害,而邓桉可通过维持相对较高的光化学效率,以及利用不断增加的qN来进行耗散,具有较强的抵抗低温胁迫伤害的能力。     

草地贪夜蛾缅甸虫源迁入中国的路径分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith)对非洲和南亚国家的入侵已对全球粮食安全造成重大影响,该虫2018年年底已在缅甸形成虫源基地,并零星进入中国云南西南部地区。本文利用历史数据分析了缅甸和华南地区春、夏两季(3-8月)925 hPa夜间平均风温场,并模拟预测了缅甸地区草地贪夜蛾在此期间进入中国的迁飞轨迹以及主要降落和波及的地区。结果表明:3-4月盛行的微弱西风不利于远距离迁移,但成虫的自主飞行可形成对云南和广西局部地区的近距离入侵;进入5月份后,随着西南夏季风的加强,云南和广西全境成为缅甸虫源的主要迁入地,并可能波及贵州、广东、海南和湖南等省。因此,4月份之前要重点监控云南和广西地区草地贪夜蛾的发生与为害,此后,应将监控区域扩大至中国中南部地区的各个省份。     

湟源县30年0℃活动积温变化特征分析

本文探索了湟源县30年0℃活动积温的变化特征,一是对年际变化特征、高积温年、低积温年进行特征分析;二是将湟源县1987—2016年的0℃活动积温划分为3个10年际进行分析。详细分析内容为不同尺度下的积温最高值、最低值、平均值、极差和距平差。结果表明,30年0℃活动积温整体呈上升趋势,前期11年(1987—1997年)积温均为负距平;中期8年(1998—2005年)积温小幅震荡,后期11年(2006—2016年)积温均为正距平。30年的0℃活动积温平均值为2209.49℃·d,1987年0℃活动积温为最低值1 953.00℃·d;2013年0℃活动积温为最高值2 496.40℃·d。     

阿拉善右旗近50年气温变化特征分析

本文通过整理右旗1969—2018年气温逐年气象观测资料，对右旗近50a平均气温年际变动、季节性变化趋势、突变特点展开研究。得出结论：50a来右旗温度呈0.39℃/10a的速度增加，在20世纪九十年代之后増温明显，且有显著的阶段性波动特点。季节性气温都是以不同速度在增加，春季平均气温增加发展趋势在四季中极为明显。由最高气温季节平均值可知，春季最大，其次秋季夏季冬季，由此可知，最低温度季节性均值是春季最大，其次夏季秋季冬季。年和四季平均最低气温的增加波动,使得平均气温日较差呈减小态势。